Gambling involves the betting or staking of something of value (usually money) on an event with an element of chance and the hope of gaining something of greater value. It can be done through a variety of means, including playing cards, dice games, bingo, casino chips, horse races, sports events, and instant scratch-off tickets. Some individuals, however, develop a problem with gambling where it becomes more than an occasional form of amusement or social interaction. These individuals become engrossed in gambling and continue to engage in it despite significant negative personal, family, work, and financial consequences.
Research has shown that people who suffer from pathological gambling have a high degree of impulsivity and are at increased risk for gambling harm. The most significant risk factor is exposure to high-intensity gambling products that are disproportionately available in communities experiencing economic or social disadvantage, such as poverty, homelessness, and discrimination. Heavy promotion of gambling through sport and social media can also promote normalization of gambling behavior in young people.
People with a history of trauma, substance use disorder, or major depression are at particularly high risk for developing gambling disorders. Vulnerability is also increased by the presence of stressors in a person’s life, such as relationship difficulties, financial loss, or the death of a loved one. Adolescents, veterans, and aging adults are particularly susceptible to developing problems with gambling.
The most common signs of gambling problems are: (1) an increase in the amount of time spent on gambling; (2) a need to return to the activity even after losing large amounts; (3) a feeling of being trapped or helpless in a situation where there is no way out; and (4) lying to friends and therapists about the extent of involvement with gambling. Some people will also steal or commit other illegal acts to fund their gambling activities.
A number of interventions have been developed to address the problem of harmful gambling. These range from education and prevention programs to the provision of treatment and support services. The focus of intervention and treatment is on changing individual behavioural patterns by teaching skills such as problem solving, assertiveness, and self-care. The goal of treatment is to restore a sense of control, reduce distress and improve functioning, which includes better interpersonal relationships, financial stability, and quality of life. Research is ongoing to evaluate the effectiveness of different approaches. The development of new tests for gambling disorders is critical to improving the diagnosis and evaluation of these conditions. Until then, it is important that people who suspect they may have a problem with gambling seek professional help and support from family and friends. The most effective interventions are those that provide comprehensive and integrated care. This may include cognitive-behavioural therapy, family therapy, group therapy, and other treatments. Some people also benefit from pharmacotherapies, such as antidepressants and mood stabilizers. These can be useful in addition to other therapies, or as a standalone treatment for people with problematic gambling.